Regulation of Access, Pricing, and Planning of High Voltage Transmission in the US
Prepared for the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR)
The US regulation of high-voltage transmission is highly complex and, as a result, generally poorly understood. The complexity is created by separate but overlapping jurisdictional authorities of the US federal regulators and those of individual states, districts, and territories.
While US federal regulators have authority over stand-alone transmission service and the regional wholesale power markets that use the transmission grid, state regulators have jurisdiction over both (1) retail electricity services that include the distribution network, the retail cost of transmission service, and often generation service; and (2) the permitting of most new transmission facilities within their states’ boundaries. Some of these federal and state regulatory authorities overlap, and some of them do not apply to non-jurisdictional transmission providers (such as certain municipal utilities, cooperatives, and federal power marketing agencies) and states (such as Texas) that are not synchronized with the larger regional grid. We summarize this complex structure of transmission regulation in the US and the history of regulations that have created the industry structure and regulatory frameworks that exist today. We provide an overview of how transmission investments are priced and recovered and the planning processes that individual transmission owners and regional grid operators use to plan the necessary expansion of the high-voltage transmission grid. We also point out some of the economic inefficiencies that are created by a combination of balkanized regulatory structures and outdated industry planning practices.
This article was also published as a working paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).
